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......@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ Critical Theory (as proposed by the Frankfurt School) is a Marxist-inspired move
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Theories of **connectivity** in the humanities and social sciences are closely linked with **social network theory**. Social network theory analyses the role of social relationships in the transmission of information, the dissemination of ideas, or the transportation of goods.
The humanities and social sciences theories of **connectivity** are closely linked with **social network theory**. Social network theory analyses the role of social relationships in the transmission of information, the dissemination of ideas, or the transportation of goods.
In mathematics and computer science, the concept of **connectivity** is often used in **graph theory** and describes the composition of subgraphs. From a technological perspective, connectivity relates to the set-up of **communication networks**, e.g., end-user integration.
In mathematics and computer science, the concept of **connectivity** is often used in **graph theory** and describes the composition of sub-graphs. From a technological perspective, connectivity relates to the set-up of **communication networks**, e.g., end-user integration.
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As Spencer-Oatey (2012) discussed, cultural theory originated in the 19th century when academic cultural studies evolved. Cultural theory was initially marked by a dichotomy of "culture versus anarchy" (Matthew Arnold, 1869). The academic discourse was also inspired by German "cultural history," which first focused on "high culture" with an imperial undercurrent and later incorporated (global) anthropology. The post-World War II era shifted towards exploring "popular culture". As a consequence, more attention was paid to diverse expressions of art, new media concepts, and criticism of elites.
As Spencer-Oatey (2012) discussed, cultural theory originated in the 19th century when academic cultural studies evolved. Cultural theory was initially marked by a dichotomy of "culture versus anarchy" (Matthew Arnold, 1869). The academic discourse was also inspired by German "cultural history," which first focused on "high culture" (with an imperial undercurrent) and later incorporated (global) anthropology. The post-World War II era shifted towards exploring "popular culture". Consequently, more attention was paid to diverse expressions of art, new media concepts, and criticism of elites.
The emergence of "political culture" in the 1950s prompted critical inquiries into the visibility and accessibility of culture, participants' eligibility, and cultural phenomena' sustainability. The juxtaposition of _culture_ versus _identity_ led to exploring different "levels of culture," including pre-conscious and taken-for-granted aspects of our daily experience. Culture is now often conceptualised as an intermediary between the individual and global humanity, while it remains a dynamic "construct." The recent development of inherently **digital cultures** came with hopes for transnationality and greater inclusivity. It has to be critically discussed if and in what contexts these hopes have been fulfilled.
The emergence of "political culture" in the 1950s prompted critical inquiries into the visibility and accessibility of culture, participants' eligibility, and cultural phenomena's sustainability. The juxtaposition of _culture_ versus _identity_ led to exploring different "levels of culture," including pre-conscious and taken-for-granted aspects of our daily experience. Culture is now often conceptualised as an intermediary between the individual and global humanity, while it remains a dynamic "construct." The recent development of inherently **digital cultures** came with hopes for peaceful transnationality and greater inclusivity. It has to be critically discussed if and in what contexts these hopes have been fulfilled.
One pertinent problem is the **attribution of definitions** by "outsiders" to the **cultures of others**. Researchers, therefore, emphasise the necessity to discuss **cultures in the plural** to mitigate the risk of misunderstandings. The duality of "culture" as both "etic" and "emic" further complicates its understanding. It is important to remember that cultures undergo continuous change.
Regarding research methods, culture is analysed qualitatively and quantitatively, but statistical analyses particularly raise the question of what we can deduct from available data. Vincent Miller's study "Understanding Digital Culture" points out that research into digital cultures has to be more than "internet studies" and ought to include reflections on gaming, big data, surveillance, and algorithms. Grant D. Bollmer makes suggestions for "Theorizing Digital Cultures" and explores cybernetics, online identities, aesthetics and ecologies. Contemporary research in digital cultures also examines phenomena like YouTube personalities, "liking" and "following" behaviours, digital performances, and digital creativity.
Regarding research methods, culture is analysed qualitatively and quantitatively, but statistical analyses especially raise the question of what we can deduct from available data. Vincent Miller's study "Understanding Digital Culture" points out that research into digital cultures has to be more than "internet studies" and should include reflections on gaming, big data, surveillance, and algorithms. Grant D. Bollmer makes suggestions for "Theorizing Digital Cultures" and explores cybernetics, online identities, aesthetics and ecologies. Contemporary research in digital cultures also examines phenomena like YouTube personalities, "liking" and "following" behaviours, digital performances, and digital creativity.
Arnold M. (1869). Culture and anarchy: an essay in political and social criticism. Smith Elder.
Bollmer, G. D. (2018). Theorizing digital cultures. SAGE Publications Ltd., [https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529714760](https://doi.org/10.4135/978152971476)
Bollmer, G. D. (2018). Theorizing digital cultures. SAGE Publications.
Miller V. (2011). Understanding digital culture. SAGE Publications.
Spencer-Oatey, H. (2012) What is culture? A compilation of quotations. GlobalPAD Core Concepts.
[http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/al/globalpad/interculturalskills/](http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/al/globalpad/interculturalskills/)
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