Bachelor-of-Digital-Society.md

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+### Interdisciplinarity
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+FASoS research and teaching are characterised by their strong commitment to interdisciplinarity. See Bijsterveld and Swinnen (2023) for a collection of chapters by FASoS staff in which they discuss their own interdisciplinary research. The entire BA DS programme is based on an interdisciplinary approach, and this is mentioned in all the promotional material, so you knew that even before you started the programme. We also addressed this explicitly in ‘What is (a) Digital Society?’ and ‘Doing Interdisciplinary Research’. 
+Universities have since the late 19th century been organised around disciplines, such as history, biology, sociology, etc., each of which have their own methods, concepts, and ways of thinking and working. Increasingly, the world faces major challenges that defy easy solution, and thus greater collaboration amongst scientists and scholars is needed. Even though multi-, inter- and trans-disciplinary research are often used interchangeably, they are different (see Wyatt, 2022).
+References:
+•	Bijsterveld K., & Swinnen, A. (Eds.), Interdisciplinarity in the scholarly life cycle. Learning by example in humanities and social science research. Palgrave Macmillan. (Open access at: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-11108-2 )
+•	Wyatt, S. (2022). Interdisciplinarity: Models and values for digital humanism. In H. Werthner, E. Prem, E. A. Lee, & C. Ghezzi (Eds.), Perspectives on Digital Humanism (pp. 329–334). Springer. (Open access at: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-86144-5 )
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+Summary provided by Sally Wyatt, based on the sources cited.
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+### Invisible work/Ghost work
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+We touched on the concept of ‘invisible work’ in ‘What is (a) Digital Society?’ and again in ‘Controversies in Digital Societies’. The concept was introduced by Star and Strauss (1999). They distinguish three different types. The first is most important for understanding infrastructures. Star and Strauss call this ‘creating a non-person’, by which they mean the results of the work are visible, but the worker is not. This includes cleaners and those who maintain servers and computer systems. 
+Gray and Suri (2019) use the term ‘ghost work’, to capture the invisible work that makes the internet and artificial intelligence possible. Ghost workers do such tasks as content moderation, image classification, and proofreading, often for very low pay. 
+References (in UM Library): 
+•	Star, S. L., & Strauss, A. (1999). Layers of silence, arenas of voice. The ecology of visible and invisible work. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 8(1–2), 9–30.
+•	Gray, M. L., & Suri, S. (2019). Ghost work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. HMH Books.
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+Summary provided by Sally Wyatt, based on the sources cited.
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 ### Justice
 
 </summary>