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One of them is a **conceptual or theoretical (sometimes also called "analytical") framework** to explain why you are analyzing sources or data (e.g. interviews or survey responses) in a certain way, and this "point of view" has to be rooted in **concepts** (abstract ideas relevant to a certain field of research) or a proper theory. A **theory** is a more elaborate scientific framework (often developed & refined by more than one person) that explains patterns and developments. Ideally, a theory is applicable to different case studies and helps you phrase a hypothesis about how society works. Theories also help researchers streamline and focus their analysis.
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Our 3rd-year students often struggle with the conceptual or theoretical framework and are sometimes not aware of what concepts and theories have actively been addressed throughout the BA DS programme. This is why this section, with theories and concepts covered in various courses, may help you to remember and find a suitable approach for your thesis.
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Our 3rd-year students often struggle with the conceptual or theoretical framework and are sometimes not aware of what concepts and theories have actively been addressed throughout the BA DS programme. This is why this section, with theories and concepts covered in various courses, may help you to remember and find a suitable approach for your thesis.
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<details>
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**Agency** theories comprise different definitions and concepts depending on subject areas. In the social sciences, _agency_ is defined as the capacity of individuals to actively and independently choose and engage. Therefore, agency theories are linked with (political) participation and power theories.
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\[_Summary by Monika Barget_\]
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</details>
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The impact of **automation** (e.g. the reduction of human intervention in industrial production or data processing) was a central theme of the BA DS course "Artificial Society". Automation was, for instance, discussed concerning the future of labour markets. The course also offered an introduction to the **critique of automation**.
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\[_Summary by Monika Barget_\]
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</details>
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Critical Theory (as proposed by the Frankfurt School) is a Marxist-inspired movement in social and political philosophy. It was originally associated with the work of researchers based in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Critical Theory in this narrow sense developed over several historical phases and generations since the late 1920s. Important scholars of the Frankfurt School were Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse and Habermas. Jürgen Habermas's idea of the public sphere was covered in the BA DS course "Digitalisation and Politics" but also mentioned in the BA DS course "Controversies"/"Critical Debates". We also looked at recent criticism and re-interpretations (see reading on the "[online anti-public sphere](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1367549420902799)" by Marc Davis).
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\[_Summary by Monika Barget_\]
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</details>
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