Bachelor-of-Digital-Society.md

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 ### Why we need theories & concepts
 
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- A bachelor's thesis is longer and more complex than any other essay you have written so far. While most papers you write for BA DS courses are essentially extended literature reviews (in which you discuss existing publications), the thesis requires you to gather your own sources or data and to conduct an independent analysis. Therefore, your thesis needs to have several additional elements.
+A bachelor's thesis is longer and more complex than any other essay you have written so far. While most papers you write for BA DS courses are essentially extended literature reviews (in which you discuss existing publications), the thesis requires you to gather your own sources or data and to conduct an independent analysis. Therefore, your thesis needs to have several additional elements.
 
 
 One of them is a **conceptual or theoretical (sometimes also called "analytical") framework** to explain why you are analyzing sources or data (e.g. interviews or survey responses) in a certain way, and this "point of view" has to be rooted in **concepts** (abstract ideas relevant to a certain field of research) or a proper theory. A **theory** is a more elaborate scientific framework (often developed & refined by more than one person) that explains patterns and developments. Ideally, a theory is applicable to different case studies and helps you phrase a hypothesis about how society works. Theories also help researchers streamline and focus their analysis.
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-### Differentiated integration
+### Connectivity
 
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-[Differentiated integration ](https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1142?rskey=i817K1&result=8)refers to the concept of a 'Europe of multiple speeds', where different member states in the EU participate in EU policies to different degrees, and where non-member states also participate in some policies. Approaches using the concept of differentiated integration often try to explain why differentiated integration is now a common mode of operation in the EU, or aim to assess the effectiveness of differentiated policies.
+Theories of **connectivity** in the humanities and social sciences are closely linked with **social network theory**. Social network theory analyses the role of social relationships in the transmission of information, the dissemination of ideas, or the transportation of goods.
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+In mathematics and computer science, the concept of **connectivity** is often used in **graph theory** and describes the composition of subgraphs. From a technological perspective, connectivity relates to the set-up of **communication networks**, e.g., end-user integration.
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+\[_Summary by Monika Barget_\]
 
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-### Europe as a 'power'
+### Datafication
 
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-Given the EU's _sui generis_ nature and lack of typical foreign policy instruments (including its own military), scholars have tried to conceptualise the type of power the EU possesses. Three of the most well-known are:
+**Datafication** is a concept used to describe the "quantification of human life through digital information, very often for economic value". (Mejias and Couldry, 2019) Datafication has an impact on different aspects of human society from education to healthcare. Social science research on datafication has, inter alia, been influenced by Bruno Latour's work (see Actor Network Theory and Science and Technology Studies). Datafication played an important role in the BA DS courses "Surveillance Society" and "What is a Digital Society?". In "What is a Digital Society", technological determinism, which is often linked with the belief in the neutrality of technology, was critically discussed and contrasted with the interdisciplinary approaches of _Science and technology studies (STS)_.
 
-* [Civilian Power Europe](https://www.cairn.info/revue-politique-europeenne-2005-3-page-63.htm) highlights the EU's power as being removed from military force, and focused on constructing ways of cooperating internationally.
-* [Normative Power Europe](https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.mu.idm.oclc.org/doi/epdf/10.1111/1468-5965.00353) sees the EU's power as being in the ideas and norms that promotes in the world, particularly democracy and human rights.
-* [Market Power Europe](https://www-tandfonline-com.mu.idm.oclc.org/doi/full/10.1080/13501763.2011.646779) highlights the EU's market power, which it exercises through the externalisation of its economic and social-market measures and regulatory measures.
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+Mejias, U. A. & Couldry, N. (2019). [Datafication](https://doi.org/10.14763/2019.4.1428). Internet Policy Review, 8(4).
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+\[_Summary by Monika Barget_\]
 
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-### Europeanisation
+### Death of Data
 
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-[Europeanisation ](https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1477;jsessionid=4C3286720694CD6069FAEDFC545333F9?rskey=lrD793&result=3)can be split into two types: bottom-up Europeanisation (the impact of member states on the formation of policies in the EU) and top-down Europeanisation (the impact of EU membership on national policies and institutions). Europeanisation approaches are also used to study the impact of the EU on other actors, for instance interest groups and organisations.
+Theoretical approaches concerning the "**death of data**" were a tutorial topic in the BA DS course "Making Your Own Online Presence". On the one hand, "death of data" relates to data loss or deletion motivated by infrastructural change, political decisions, or individual users' "**right to be forgotten**" (Fichtelman, 2018). On the other hand, "death of data" is a concept in positivist versus poststructuralist debates on what data are in the first place and who has the power or the right to create them. In these debates, researchers discuss whether the existence of data depends on specific infrastructures or a theory that “acknowledges them as data” ([St. Pierre & Adams](https://journals-sagepub-com.mu.idm.oclc.org/doi/10.1177/1532708613487882#bibr25-1532708613487882), 2011, p. 621).
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+Fichtelman, C. A. (2018). _Right to be forgotten: a legal research guide_ (Ser. Legal research guides, volume 73). William S. Hein & Co.
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+Koro-Ljungberg, M., MacLure, M., & Denzin, N. K. (2013). [“the death of data?”](https://doi.org/10.1177/1532708613487882) Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies, 13(4), 353–356.
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+St. Pierre, Adams E. (2011). “Post qualitative research: The critique and the coming after.” In Denzin N. K., Lincoln Y. S. (Eds.), _Handbook of qualitative research_, 4/e (pp. 611-626). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
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+\[_Summary by Monika Barget_\]
 
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-### Euroscepticism
+### Digital Activism
 
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-[Euroscepticism](https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1045?rskey=WesuaK&result=3) refers to parties' or individuals' (negative) attitudes towards the EU. The concept of Euroscepticism is often divided into 'hard' Euroscepticism, which outright rejects the idea of European integration or EU membership, and 'soft' Euroscepticism, which indicates qualified opposition.
+**Digital activism** as a contemporary form of collective action is also known as cyberactivism and comprises forms of group activism that rely on digital media/platforms. Digital activism was discussed in the BA DS course "What is a Digital Society?", which also mentioned **data activism** as an activism sub-culture closely linked with the hacker and open-source movements.
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+\[_Summary by Monika Barget_\]
 
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-### Feminist approaches
+### Digital Divide
 
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-Gender-based approaches often overlap with other approaches and fields of study. They include looking at [feminism in foreign policy](https://oxfordre-com.mu.idm.oclc.org/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-368?rskey=LCEk50&result=6), examining how [gender is mainstreamed](https://oxfordre-com.mu.idm.oclc.org/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-430?rskey=LCEk50&result=2) in policies, and how [gender is embedded in institutions](https://oxfordre-com.mu.idm.oclc.org/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-237?rskey=LCEk50&result=12).
+The **digital divide** concept concerns the gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern **information and communications technology** (ICT) and those that have restricted access or no access at all. Theories of the digital divide try to systematically analyse why this gap occurs and how it can be closed in the future. The four most prominent theories are the **Adoption-Diffusion Theory** (ADT), van Dijk's **Theory of Digital Technology Access and Societal Impacts**, the **Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology** (UTAUT), and the **Spatially Aware Technology Utilization Model** (SATUM).
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+\[_Summary by Monika Barget_\]
 
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-### Game theory
+### Digitalisation / Digital Transformation
 
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-Part of the collective action problem, [game theory ](https://www.britannica.com/topic/collective-action-problem-1917157)applies specifically to the problem posed by public or collective goods. Because public goods (such as clean air or natural resources) are costly to maintain and provide but the benefits are shared among everyone, the incentive is for actors to 'free-ride' and not provide that good. Game theory refers to the mathematical models used to research [interactions among different actors](https://oxfordre-com.mu.idm.oclc.org/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-515?rskey=ILbjSO&result=1).
+**Digitalisation** is the coordinated use of digital technologies in different fields of human life. Discussing digitalisation from a social sciences perspective implies the analysis of social practices that come with an increased reliance on digital infrastructures. Such practices were covered in the BA DS course "What is a digital society?". Effects of digitalisation on political structures, political participation and democratic practices were the focus of the course "Digitalisation and Politics".
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+**Digital transformation** as a process relates to introducing digital technology into an organization or social group. Common goals for its implementation are to improve efficiency, value or innovation. Digital transformation as a theoretical approach analyses strategies businesses, governments or NGOs apply to link technological change with cultural, managerial, or procedural developments of the organization as a whole.
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+\[_Summary by Monika Barget_\]
 
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-### Globalisation
+### Digital Literacy / Data Literacy
 
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-[Globalisation ](https://www.britannica.com/topic/globalization)refers to the integration of societies worldwide. Scholars often differentiate between different types of globalisation (e.g. economic globalisation, cultural globalisation). The concept of globalisation is used in various fields, including history, cultural studies, political economy and politics, e.g. examining the [effect of economic globalisation ](https://oxfordre-com.mu.idm.oclc.org/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1755?rskey=6C7Jj7&result=1)on political behaviour.
+**Digital literacy** describes the skills which people need to "[live, learn, and work in a society where communication and access to information is increasingly through digital technologies like internet platforms, social media, and mobile device](https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/studysmart/home/study_skills_guides/digital_literacy/what_is_digital_literacy)." (Western Sydney University) In this sense, digital literacy is connected with broader concepts of **media literacy**.
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+According to [eurostat](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Digital_literacy) Links to an external site., digital literacy comprises five competence areas and 21 digital competencies, including "information and **data literacy**, communication and collaboration, digital content creation, safety, and problem-solving". **Data literacy** is the ability to make sense of data, to contextualise them, and to critically apply them.
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+Digital literacy and data literacy were addressed in the BA DS courses "What is a digital society?" and "Regulating the Digital".
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+\[_Summary by Monika Barget_\]
 
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