Bachelor-of-Digital-Society.md

@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ Summaries provided by Monika Barget (History), based on the sources cited.
 ### Why we need theories & concepts
 
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-**Why we need theories & concepts** A bachelor's thesis is longer and more complex than any other essay you have written so far. While most papers you write for BA DS courses are essentially extended literature reviews (in which you discuss existing publications), the thesis requires you to gather your own sources or data and to conduct an independent analysis. Therefore, your thesis needs to have several additional elements.
+A bachelor's thesis is longer and more complex than any other essay you have written so far. While most papers you write for BA DS courses are essentially extended literature reviews (in which you discuss existing publications), the thesis requires you to gather your own sources or data and to conduct an independent analysis. Therefore, your thesis needs to have several additional elements.
 
 One of them is a **conceptual or theoretical (sometimes also called "analytical") framework** to explain why you are analyzing sources or data (e.g. interviews or survey responses) in a certain way, and this "point of view" has to be rooted in **concepts** (abstract ideas relevant to a certain field of research) or a proper theory. A **theory** is a more elaborate scientific framework (often developed & refined by more than one person) that explains patterns and developments. Ideally, a theory is applicable to different case studies and helps you phrase a hypothesis about how society works. Theories also help researchers streamline and focus their analysis.
 
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ In the BA DS programme, critical making and design thinking were taught in the "
 
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-Critical Theory (as proposed by the Frankfurt School) is a Marxist-inspired movement in social and political philosophy. It was originally associated with the work of researchers based in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Critical Theory in this narrow sense developed over several historical phases and generations since the late 1920s. Important scholars of the Frankfurt School were Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse and Habermas. Jürgen Habermas's idea of the public sphere was covered in the BA DS course "Digitalisation and Politics" but also mentioned in the BA DS course "Controversies"/"Critical Debates". We also looked at recent criticism and re-interpretations (see reading on the "[online anti-public sphere](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1367549420902799)" by Marc Davis).
+Critical Theory (as proposed by the Frankfurt School) is a Marxist-inspired movement in social and political philosophy. It was originally associated with the work of researchers based in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Critical Theory, in this narrow sense, has developed over several historical phases and generations since the late 1920s. Important scholars of the Frankfurt School were Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse and Habermas. Jürgen Habermas's idea of the public sphere was covered in the BA DS course "Digitalisation and Politics" but also mentioned in the BA DS course "Controversies"/"Critical Debates". We also looked at recent criticism and re-interpretations (see reading on the "[online anti-public sphere](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1367549420902799)" by Marc Davis).
 
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@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ In mathematics and computer science, the concept of **connectivity** is often us
 
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-**Datafication** is a concept used to describe the "quantification of human life through digital information, very often for economic value". (Mejias and Couldry, 2019) Datafication has an impact on different aspects of human society from education to healthcare. Social science research on datafication has, inter alia, been influenced by Bruno Latour's work (see Actor Network Theory and Science and Technology Studies). Datafication played an important role in the BA DS courses "Surveillance Society" and "What is a Digital Society?". In "What is a Digital Society", technological determinism, which is often linked with the belief in the neutrality of technology, was critically discussed and contrasted with the interdisciplinary approaches of _Science and technology studies (STS)_.
+**Datafication** is a concept used to describe the "quantification of human life through digital information, very often for economic value". (Mejias and Couldry, 2019) Datafication has an impact on different aspects of human society, from education to healthcare. Social science research on datafication has, inter alia, been influenced by Bruno Latour's work (see Actor Network Theory and Science and Technology Studies). Datafication played an important role in the BA DS courses "Surveillance Society" and "What is a Digital Society?". In "What is a Digital Society", technological determinism, which is often linked with the belief in the neutrality of technology, was critically discussed and contrasted with the interdisciplinary approaches of _Science and technology studies (STS)_.
 
 Mejias, U. A. & Couldry, N. (2019). [Datafication](https://doi.org/10.14763/2019.4.1428). Internet Policy Review, 8(4).
 
@@ -96,11 +95,11 @@ Mejias, U. A. & Couldry, N. (2019). [Datafication](https://doi.org/10.14763/2019
 
 Theoretical approaches concerning the "**death of data**" were a tutorial topic in the BA DS course "Making Your Own Online Presence". On the one hand, "death of data" relates to data loss or deletion motivated by infrastructural change, political decisions, or individual users' "**right to be forgotten**" (Fichtelman, 2018). On the other hand, "death of data" is a concept in positivist versus poststructuralist debates on what data are in the first place and who has the power or the right to create them. In these debates, researchers discuss whether the existence of data depends on specific infrastructures or a theory that “acknowledges them as data” ([St. Pierre & Adams](https://journals-sagepub-com.mu.idm.oclc.org/doi/10.1177/1532708613487882#bibr25-1532708613487882), 2011, p. 621).
 
-Fichtelman, C. A. (2018). _Right to be forgotten: a legal research guide_ (Ser. Legal research guides, volume 73). William S. Hein & Co. \[Book\]
+Fichtelman, C. A. (2018). [_Right to be forgotten: a legal research guide_](https://worldcat.org/en/title/1047651215) (Ser. Legal research guides, volume 73). William S. Hein & Co. \[Book\]
 
 Koro-Ljungberg, M., MacLure, M., & Denzin, N. K. (2013). [“the death of data?”](https://doi.org/10.1177/1532708613487882) Cultural Studies \<-\> Critical Methodologies, 13(4), 353–356.
 
-St. Pierre, Adams E. (2011). “Post qualitative research: The critique and the coming after.” In Denzin N. K., Lincoln Y. S. (Eds.), _Handbook of qualitative research_, 4/e (pp. 611-626). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. \[Book\]
+St. Pierre, Adams E. (2011). “[Post qualitative research: The critique and the coming after](https://worldcat.org/en/title/919307958).” In Denzin N. K., Lincoln Y. S. (Eds.), _Handbook of qualitative research_, 4/e (pp. 611-626). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. \[Book\]
 
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@@ -135,7 +134,7 @@ The **digital divide** concept concerns the gap between demographics and regions
 
 **Digitalisation** is the coordinated use of digital technologies in different fields of human life. Discussing digitalisation from a social sciences perspective implies the analysis of social practices that come with an increased reliance on digital infrastructures. Such practices were covered in the BA DS course "What is a digital society?". Effects of digitalisation on political structures, political participation and democratic practices were the focus of the course "Digitalisation and Politics".
 
-**Digital transformation** as a process relates to introducing digital technology into an organization or social group. Common goals for its implementation are to improve efficiency, value or innovation. Digital transformation as a theoretical approach analyses strategies businesses, governments or NGOs apply to link technological change with cultural, managerial, or procedural developments of the organization as a whole.
+**Digital transformation** as a process relates to introducing digital technology into an organization or social group. Common goals for its implementation are to improve efficiency, value or innovation. Digital transformation as a theoretical approach analyses strategies businesses, governments, or NGOs apply to link technological change with cultural, managerial, or procedural developments of the organization as a whole.
 
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@@ -148,7 +147,7 @@ The **digital divide** concept concerns the gap between demographics and regions
 
 **Digital literacy** describes the skills which people need to "[live, learn, and work in a society where communication and access to information is increasingly through digital technologies like internet platforms, social media, and mobile device](https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/studysmart/home/study_skills_guides/digital_literacy/what_is_digital_literacy)." (Western Sydney University) In this sense, digital literacy is connected with broader concepts of **media literacy**.
 
-According to [eurostat](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Digital_literacy) Links to an external site., digital literacy comprises five competence areas and 21 digital competencies, including "information and **data literacy**, communication and collaboration, digital content creation, safety, and problem-solving". **Data literacy** is the ability to make sense of data, to contextualise them, and to critically apply them.
+According to [Eurostat](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Digital_literacy) Links to an external site., digital literacy comprises five competence areas and 21 digital competencies, including "information and **data literacy**, communication and collaboration, digital content creation, safety, and problem-solving". **Data literacy** is the ability to make sense of data, to contextualise them, and to critically apply them.
 
 Digital literacy and data literacy were addressed in the BA DS courses "What is a digital society?" and "Regulating the Digital".
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@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ The concept of **eudaimonia** goes back to the works of the ancient Greek philos
 
 Different authors have shaped **feminist theory** as a research approach, often in conjunction with the **five waves** of cultural and political feminism. A recent strand of feminist theory which pays particular attention to power relations and biases in the digital age is [data feminism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Feminism). Feminist theory not only concerns women's societal roles but also considers [intersectionality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersectionality) and challenges hierarchies and inequalities more generally.
 
-D'Ignazio, C., & Klein, L. F. (2020). _Data feminism_ (Ser. Ideas series). MIT Press. \[Book\]
+D'Ignazio, C., & Klein, L. F. (2020). [_Data feminism_](https://worldcat.org/en/title/1130235839) (Ser. Ideas series). MIT Press. \[Book\]
 
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@@ -256,7 +255,12 @@ Social sciences approaches to **(artificial) intelligence** were at the heart of
 
 The BA DS course "Making Knowledge and Manufacturing Doubt" discussed **theories of knowledge**. This course addressed knowledge practices, knowledge dissemination and utilisation, and **post-truth**. **Agnotology** is a field of research that examines the cultural creation and maintenance of knowledge, ignorance and doubt. Crucial authors of the sociology of knowledge are Peter Buke and Robert King Merton.
 
-Burke, P. (2012). A social history of knowledge (Vol. II, from the Encyclopédie to Wikipedia). Polity.Burke, P. (2016). What is the history of knowledge? (Ser. What is history? series). Polity. \[Book\]
+
+Burke, P. (2012). [_A social history of knowledge_](https://worldcat.org/en/title/841207949) (Vol. II, from the Encyclopédie to Wikipedia). Polity. \[Book\]
+
+
+Burke, P. (2016). [_What is the history of knowledge?_](https://worldcat.org/en/title/910802476) (Ser. What is history? series). Polity. \[Book\]
+
 
 Merton, R. K. (1937). [The sociology of knowledge](https://doi.org/10.1086/347276). Isis, 27, 493–503.
 
@@ -341,7 +345,8 @@ In historical and political terms, postcolonialism describes the period followin
 
 **Smart cities** were addressed in several BA DS courses, including "Digitalisation and Politics". The digital transformation of **cities** is a challenge in terms of infrastructure, policy, and ethics. Academic studies, therefore, analyse city ecosystems and suggest solutions for this transformation.
 
-Gassmann, O., Böhm Jonas, & Palmié Maximilian. (2019). Smart cities: introducing digital innovation to cities. Emerald Publishing \[Book\]
+Gassmann, O., Böhm Jonas, & Palmié Maximilian. (2019). [_Smart cities: introducing digital innovation to cities_](https://worldcat.org/en/title/1103440460). Emerald Publishing \[Book\]
+
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@@ -375,7 +380,7 @@ Gassmann, O., Böhm Jonas, & Palmié Maximilian. (2019). Smart cities: introduci
 
 **Utopias** related to digital transformations were discussed in the BA DS courses "Artificial Society", "The Good Life", and "Digital Cultures". Utopias, in general, imagine positive, perfected places or conditions. **Digital utopianism** is also referred to as **cyber-utopianism**, **web-utopianism**, **digital utopianism** or the concept of a **utopian internet**. This form of **technological utopianism** rose in the 1990s and imagines a collaborative, inclusive, libertarian and democratic world based on the Internet. This positive interpretation of the digital negates cold-war fears of "**mechanical conformity**" and the "**military-industrial complex**" (Turner, 2006).
 
-Turner, F. (2006). _From counterculture to cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the rise of digital utopianism_. University of Chicago Press. \[Book\]
+Turner, F. (2006). [_From counterculture to cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the rise of digital utopianism_](https://worldcat.org/en/title/62533774). University of Chicago Press. \[Book\]
 
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